Z-pinch
Sommaire
Applications
- Controlled thermonuclear fusion
- X-ray lasers
- Production of ultrahigh magnetic fields
- Spectroscopy of highly charged ions
- Atomic spectroscopy
- Focusing of heavy ion beams
- Neutron sources
- X-ray microscopy and litography
(avec l'aimable autorisation de Sandia National Laboratories)
Les machines à striction axiale (ou appelées aussi Z-pinch) présentent l'une des méthodes actuellement en cours d'investigation pour le contrôle de la fusion nucléaire.
Une petite pastille de combustible est placée au centre d'une cage à fils de tungstène. Lors d'une forte décharge électrique, ces fils sous l'effet de la chaleur se transforment en plasma conducteur du courant. La composante de l'ensemble des champs de chaque fil va ensuite comprimer le plasma vers le centre de la cage à fils et ainsi comprimer la pastille de combustible ce qui entrainera les réactions de fusion.
Principe de fonctionnement
(Origine : MAGPIE Pulsed Power Generator)
- Mode d'action : par confinement inertiel
- Mode de fonctionnement : par impulsions
Description du dispositif
Le dispositif de la fusion à striction axiale est constitué d'une petite capsule de la taille environ d'un grain de poivre, constituée de combustible de deutérium et de tritium. Cette capsule est placée au centre d'un réseau cylindrique composé de fils de tungstène (environ 400) par lesquels passera une impulsion de courant.
L'ensemble de ce dispositif se trouve lui-même au centre d'une cavité permettant de pièger les Rayons-X.
Déroulement
Une impulsion de courant de 20 millions ampères et d'une durée de 100 nanosecondes est transmise par les fils de tungstène. La très grande quantité d'énergie et l'échauffement produit «vaporise» les fils, ce qui les transforme en un plasma. Le champ magnétique que crée le courant comprime violemment les différents fils individuels en un tube de plasma au centre du réseau.
Avec l'augmentation de l'intensité du courant lors de l'impulsion, le champ magnétique va ensuite comprimer brutalement le tube de plasma. Au cours de cette compression, arrivé à un stade limite, appelé stagnation, le plasma s'arrête brutalement, et la conversion de l'énergie cinétique des électrons et ions du plasma va libérer de très grandes quantités de Rayons-X.
Les Rayons-X ainsi libérés, d'une puissance rayonnée actuelle allant jusqu'à 290 Terawatts, vont comprimer et chauffer la capsule de combustible et déclencher des réactions de fusion nucléaire.
Stockage de l'énergie
Afin d'obtenir et de libérer en un temps suffisamment court l'énorme quantité d'énergie nécessaire au fonctionnement de la machine à Z-pinch, il est nécessaire de stocker l'énergie au préalable. Ce stockage est réalisé à l'aide de « piscines » remplies d'eau, qui jouent le rôle de condensateurs. L'énergie ainsi stockée pourra être libérée en un très court laps de temps selon un mode impulsionnel avec une période extrêmement courte inférieure à 100 nanosecondes.
Limitations actuelles
Le point d'ignition qui permet d'obtenir un nombre suffisamment élevé de fusions atomiques et libérer plus d'énergie qu'il n'en faut pour faire fonctionner la machine n'est à ce stade pas encore atteint. L'objectif des prochaines années est d'augmenter la puissance électrique de 20 à 60 millions d'ampères.
Cependant, cette augmentation n'est pas sans poser de problèmes, car les Rayons-X qui compriment le combustibles exercent aussi une pression collosale sur la paroi de la cavité contenant le dispositif. À 60 millions d'ampères et à une puissance de 150 Terawatts, cette pression serait de l'ordre de 150 à 500 Gigapascals.
Voir aussi
Liens internes
Modes de confinement
Autres
Liens externes
- Template:Fr Fusion nucléaire et striction axiale (Pour la science 1998)
- Template:En Sandia National Laboratories - Z machine
- Template:En Sandia’s Z machine exceeds two billion degrees Kelvin (8 mars 2006)
- Template:En An Inertial-Fusion Z-Pinch Power Plant Concept
- Template:En Development path for Z-pinch IFE
Catégorie:Dispositif à fusion thermo-nucléaire
In fusion power design, Z-pinch, or zeta pinch is a type of plasma confinement system that uses an electrical current in the plasma to generate a magnetic field that compresses it. The name refers to the direction of the earliest experimental devices in England, where the current flowed down a vertical quartz tube, the Z-axis on a normal mathematical diagram.
Specifically, Z-pinch relies on Lenz's Law, that a magnetic field will induce a current in a conductor that itself creates a magnetic field in the opposite direction. That is, if a magnet is approaching a conductor, current will be induced in the conductor that creates a field to push the magnet away. Since plasma itself is electrically conducting, in the Z-pinch system an external magnetic field induces a current into the plasma, in turn creating a magnetic field that opposes the external one. However the external magnetic field is "fixed" to the equipment, while the plasma itself can move, and therefore is compressed away from the external magnetic field.
Most early Z-pinch research was carried out in England, where a large toroidal device known as ZETA went into operation in 1954. In ZETA the external field was generated in a large magnet which was fed by a huge bank of capacitors, hoping to quickly pinch the plasma to fusion temperatures. Instead they found that the plasma quickly became unstable and "broke up" before it was compressed to these levels, applying the current more quickly simply made it break up faster. After some study a reason for this was offered, and it appeared basically impossible to avoid. They did notice several neutron production spikes that the researchers initially attributed to fusion, which generated some news for a time, but later it was realized these were due to the instabilities themselves. The last few firings showed an odd "quiet period" of long stability in the system, but the nature of these quiet periods, or quiescence, was not fully researched. ZETA seemed to suggest that the pinch concept was simply unworkable, and the efforts with ZETA ended in 1958.
The concept was picked up again at LLNL by Jim Tuck, who felt that it might be possible to avoid the instabilities by slowly increasing the external current, instead of doing so rapidly as in the British experiments. In early 1952 they built a small device they called the Perhapsatron, but found the same sorts of problems as ZETA. A second attempt with fast pinch again ended with similar results as the British teams, namely the faster you squeezed, the faster it broke up. Efforts to add additional stability with external magnetic fields, referred to as "giving the plasma a backbone", also failed, albeit at a somewhat higher density.
The z-pinch efforts were by no means outright failures. Efforts with other styles of pinch fields continued until the 1970s, notably theta-pinch, and for many years the pinch devices were the only ones able to generate fusion reactions, even at a low rate.
More importantly, the "quiet period" seen in the later ZETA runs turned out to be far more interesting than anyone first realized. In 1974 Ted Taylor examined the results and found a new class of self-stabilizing plasmas known as the reversed-field pinch. Research into these class of plasmas became a major effort in the 1980s and '90s.
An entirely new concept is the use of Z-pinch started in the 1980s. Instead of using an external magnet to generate the induction field, a set of very fine tungsten wires running around the fuel would be "dumped" with the current instead. The wires would quickly vaporize into a plasma, which is conductive, and the current flow would then cause the plasma to pinch as in prior experiments. The key difference is that the plasma would not be the fuel, as in previous experiments, but used solely to generate very high-energy X-rays as the metal plasma compressed and heated. The x-rays would compress a tiny fuel cylinder containing deuterium-tritium mix, in the same fashion that the X-rays generated from a nuclear bomb compress the fuel load in an H-bomb. This sort of Z-pinch system has much more in common with inertial confinement fusion (ICF) systems, and is generally referred to as one. For details on the reaction within the pellet, see the main ICF article. To date the only serious effort to build such a device is Sandia National Laboratories' Z machine.
Pop culture trivia
In Ocean's Eleven (2001), a "pinch" is stolen and used to disrupt power in Las Vegas. In practice a Z-pinch wouldn't produce the required EMF - the scriptwriter may have been thinking of an Explosively pumped flux compression generator.
See also
External links
- Z Machine (Sandia Labs)
- An Inertial-Fusion Z-Pinch Power Plant Concept (Sandia Labs)
- Development path for Z-pinch IFE
- "Physics of "Ocean's Eleven""
